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The history of New York City (1978–present) has seen a cycle of modest boom and a bust in the 1980s, a major boom in the 1990s, and mixed prospects since then. This period has seen severe racial tension, a dramatic spike and fall of crime rates, and a major influx of immigrants growing the city's population past the eight million mark. The September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in 2001 had a lasting impact on the city that continues to reverberate to the present. ==Koch and Dinkins== Compared to the 1970s, the 1980s were a time of restrained optimism in New York. The boom on Wall Street was fueling the speculative real estate market, and unemployment numbers dropped noticeably, however, the city's reputation for crime and disorder was still very much a part of New Yorkers' daily lives. The 1980s was a time of much racial tension in the city, including the highly publicized murders of three African Americans in "white" neighborhoods in separate incidents: Willie Turks in the Gravesend section of Brooklyn in 1982; Michael Griffith in Howard Beach, Queens in 1986;〔McFadden, Robert D. "Black Man Dies After Beating In Queens" New York Times, December 21, 1986, p. A1.〕 and Yusef Hawkins in Brooklyn's Bensonhurst neighborhood in 1989, in addition to the much-publicized "subway vigilante" shootings by Bernhard Goetz in 1984.〔 〕〔 〕 On April 19, 1989, a woman known as the Central Park Jogger was badly beaten and raped, and a gang of African American youths were charged for the "wilding" incident; the case was touted in the media as an example of how rampant crime had become in the city by the late 1980s. The illegal drug trade had flourished in New York, causing the murder rate to soar, and dividing the city into areas ruled by different drug lords. It became known as the crack epidemic.〔"DEA History Book, 1876–1990" (drug usage & enforcement), US Department of Justice, 1991, USDoJ.gov webpage: (DoJ-DEA-History-1985-1990 ).〕 The New York City Subway fell victim to a crime epidemic that saw more crimes being committed on the subway each year than in any other subway system around the world.〔nycsubway.org—(The New York Transit Authority in the 1970s )〕 Homelessness became a serious problem during the 1980s, specifically in the last two of Edward Koch's three terms as mayor (1978–1990). The city outlawed discrimination against gay and lesbian people in such matters as employment and housing in 1986.〔http://www.nytimes.com/1986/04/15/business/business-and-the-law-aids-and-job-discrimination.html〕 In 1989, Koch was defeated by David Dinkins in the Democratic Party primary in his bid for a fourth term, and then Dinkins narrowly defeated Republican Rudolph Giuliani in the general election to become the city's first-ever black mayor.〔http://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/09/nyregion/the-1989-elections-the-new-york-vote-almost-lost-at-the-wire.html〕 Crime began a 15-year decline in 1990 during Dinkins's administration, but a combination of continued racial strife (such as that in the Crown Heights Riot in 1991),〔William Glaberson, ("Judge Accepts a Guilty Plea in '91 Crown Heights Unrest" ), ''The New York Times'', April 13, 2002.〕〔("Beep Honor Peace Coalition: Crown Heights leaders reflect on 10-year milestone" ), ''New York Daily News'', August 23, 2001.〕 and an extremely weak economy (in January 1993 the city's unemployment rate reached 13.4 percent, the highest level of joblessness seen there since the Great Depression). This caused Dinkins' popularity to seriously decline (including a threat by residents of Staten Island to secede from the city, where in a 1993 referendum, 65% voted to secede, but implementation was blocked in the State Assembly). On February 26, 1993, a truck bomb detonated in a basement garage of World Trade Center Tower One. The urea nitrate–hydrogen gas enhanced device was intended to knock the North Tower (Tower One) into the South Tower (Tower Two), bringing both towers down and killing tens of thousands of people.〔Wright, Lawrence, ''Looming Tower'', Knopf, (2006) p. 178.〕 It failed to do so, but did kill six people and injured more than a thousand.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title= FBI 100 First Strike: Global Terror in America )〕 In late 1993, David Dinkins was defeated by Rudolph Giuliani in his bid for reelection. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of New York City (1978–present)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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